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The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 1993) coded in SAMPA
CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)
Bilab. Labd. Dent. Alv. Palv. Retr. Palat. Velar Uvul. Phar. Glot.
Plos. p b t d t` d` c J\ k g q G\ ?
Nasal m F n n` J N N\
Trill B\ r R\
Tap or Flap 4 r`
Fric. p\ B f v T D s z S Z s` z` C j\ x G X R X\ ?\ h h\
Lateral
fricative K K\
Approximant P r\ r\` j M\
Lateral
approximant l l` L L\
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant.
CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)
Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives
O\ Bilabial b_< Bilabial _> as in:
|\ Dental d_< Dental/alveolar p_> Bilabial
!\ (Post)alveolar J\_< Palatal t_> Dental/alveolar
=\ Palatoalveolar g_< Velar k_> Velar
|\|\ Alveolar lateral G\_< Uvular s_> Alveolar fricative
VOWELS
Front Central Back
Close i y 1 } M u
I Y U
Close-mid e 2 @\ 8 7 o
@
Open-mid E 9 3 3\ V O
{ 6
Open a & A Q
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.
OTHER SYMBOLS
W Voiceless labial-velar fricative
w Voiced labial-velar approximant
H Voiced labial-palatal approximant
H\ Voiceless epiglottal fricative
<\ Voiced epiglottal fricative
>\ Epiglottal plosive
s\ z\ Alveolo-palatal fricatives
l\ Alveolar lateral flap
x\ Simultaneous S and x
Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by
a tie bar if necessary: k_p t_s.
But prefered to use the default (ts) to represent affricates and double
articulations, and use disjunctor(hyphen) for the sequence (cluster): t-s.
SUPRASEGMENTALS
" Primary stress
% Secondary stress %foUn@"tIS@n
: Long e:
:\ Half-long e:\
_X Extra-short e_X
. Syllable break r\i.{kt
| Minor (foot) group
|| Major (intonation) group
-\ Linking (absence of a break)
TONE & WORD ACCENTS
LEVEL CONTOUR
<T> Extra high <BT>, <LH>... Rising
<H> High <TB>, <HL>... Falling
<M> Mid <HT> High rising
<L> Low <BL> Low rising
<B> Extra low <HTH>, <MHM>... Rising-falling etc.
<!> Downstep <R> Global rise
<^> Upstep <F> Global fall
DIACRITICS
_0 Voiceless n_0 d_0
_v Voiced s_v t_v
_h Aspirated t_h d_h
_O More rounded O_O
_c Less rounded O_c
_+ Advanced u_+
_- Retracted i_-
_" Centralized e_"
_x Mid-centralized e_x
_= = Syllabic r\_= r\=
_^ Non-syllabic e_^
_` Rhotacity @_`
_t Breathy voiced b_t a_t
_k Creaky voiced b_k a_k
_N Linguolabial t_N d_N
_w Labialized t_w d_w
_j ' Palatalized t_j d_j t' d'
_G Velarized t_G d_G
_?\ Pharyngealized t_?\ d_?\
_d Dental t_d d_d
_a Apical t_a d_a
_m Laminal t_m d_m
_~ ~ Nasalized e_~ e~
_n Nasal release d_n
_l Lateral release d_l
_} No audible release d_}
_e Velarized or pharyngealized l_e 5
_r Raised e_r (r\_r = voiced alveolar fricative)
_o Lowered e_o (B_o = voiced bilabial approximant)
_A Advanced Tongue Root e_A
_q Retracted Tongue Root e_q
Based on X-SAMPA.
Downloadable version: more details.
An X-SAMPA to IPA converter for Word for Windows.
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